What stage of moral reasoning do many children reach during middle and late childhood according to Kohlberg?

During middle and late childhood, many children progress to the stage of conventional reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. This stage is characterized by an understanding of societal rules and the importance of maintaining social order. Children at this level begin to value the perspectives of others and prioritize conformity and loyalty to their family and peers. They recognize the need for social approval and start to internalize the values and norms set by society.

In conventional reasoning, moral decisions are influenced more by the expectations of others and the desire to uphold laws and rules, rather than purely based on consequences or self-interest. This reflects a shift from the earlier preconventional reasoning stage, where judgments are primarily focused on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.

Many individuals in this age group show a growing complexity in their moral reasoning, as they comprehend the significance of relationships and the implications of actions on others, which aligns with Kohlberg's observations about the moral development of children during these stages.