What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) describe?

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is a concept introduced by psychologist Lev Vygotsky that refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable person, such as a teacher or peer. This idea emphasizes the importance of social interaction and scaffolding in learning, where support is provided to help students reach their potential.

In practical terms, the ZPD encourages educators to identify the skills and knowledge that a student is on the verge of mastering. In doing so, they can tailor instruction and provide the appropriate level of assistance that enables students to progress beyond their current abilities. By focusing on the range of tasks that a learner can perform with assistance, educators can more effectively foster growth and development, ensuring that learning is challenging yet attainable.