What do effective instructional strategies often include, according to Marzano?

Effective instructional strategies, as outlined by Marzano, emphasize the importance of reinforcing effort and providing recognition to students. This approach fosters a positive learning environment where students understand the value of their hard work and feel appreciated for their efforts. When teachers recognize and reinforce effort, it encourages students to engage more deeply with the material, boosts their self-esteem, and promotes persistence in overcoming academic challenges.

Recognizing students for their efforts can also enhance motivation. When students know that their hard work is acknowledged, they are more likely to strive for excellence and take on new challenges rather than becoming discouraged. This supports a growth mindset, where students see their abilities as improvable through effort and perseverance, leading to better academic outcomes.

In contrast, options like standardized test preparation or restricting student choices do not align with Marzano's emphasis on a more holistic and supportive teaching approach. Limiting classroom discussions can hinder collaboration and reduce opportunities for students to articulate their understanding, which is crucial for developing critical thinking and communication skills. Thus, reinforcing effort and providing recognition stands out as a powerful strategy for effective instruction according to Marzano's research.