In what way do criterion-referenced tests differ from norm-referenced tests?

Criterion-referenced tests are designed to evaluate student performance based on specific criteria or learning objectives set by the curriculum. This means that the test measures what students have learned in relation to defined standards, such as knowledge, skills, and competencies in a particular subject area. The goal is to determine whether each individual has mastered the content or skills outlined in these criteria, rather than comparing their performance to that of a broader group.

In contrast, norm-referenced tests are used to compare an individual student's performance to that of a sample group, often referred to as a "norm group." This can help identify where a student stands relative to their peers, but it does not focus on whether they have achieved specific learning standards.

The other options mention aspects of assessment that do not accurately describe how criterion-referenced tests function. For instance, criterion-referenced tests are not limited to summative assessments; they can also be used formatively. Additionally, while they can potentially provide qualitative insights, their primary focus is on quantitative measures of meeting predetermined learning objectives.